Official22(TPO22)综合写作解析

Ethanol fuel, made from plants such as corn and sugar cane, has been advocated by some people as an alternative to gasoline in the United States. However, many critics argue that ethanol is not a good replacement for gasoline for several reasons.

First, the increased use of ethanol fuel would not help to solve one of the biggest environmental problems caused by gasoline use: global warming. Like gasoline, ethanol releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when it is burned for fuel, and carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas: it helps trap heat in the atmosphere. Thus, ethanol offers no environmental advantage over gasoline.

Second, the production of significant amounts of ethanol would dramatically reduce the amount of plants available for uses other than fuel. For example, much of the corn now grown in the United States is used to feed farm animals such as cows and chickens. It is estimated that if ethanol were used to satisfy just 10 percent of the fuel needs in the United States, more than 60 percent of the corn currently grown in the United States would have to be used to produce ethanol. If most of the corn were used to produce ethanol, a substantial source of food for animals would disappear.

Third, ethanol fuel will never be able to compete with gasoline on price. Although the prices of ethanol and gasoline for the consumer are currently about the same, this is only because of the help in the form of tax subsidies given to ethanol producers by the United States government. These tax subsidies have cost the United States government over $11 billion in the past 30 years. If the United States government were to stop helping the producers in this way, the price of ethanol would increase greatly.

【解析】

1. 重点词汇解析

ethanol

N-UNCOUNT Ethanol is another name for . alcohol 的别称 [技术]. [有化] 乙醇，

[有化] 酒精 advocate

V-T If you advocate a particular action or plan, you recommend it publicly. 提 倡 [正式]

例:

Mr. Williams is a conservative who advocates fewer government controls on business.

威廉斯先生是一位提倡减少政府对商业的控制的保守人士。

alternative

N-COUNT If one thing is an alternative to another, the first can be found, used,

or done instead of the second. 替代品 例:

New ways to treat arthritis may provide an alternative to painkillers.

治疗关节炎的新方法可能会提供一种止痛药的替代品。

carbon dioxide

N-UNCOUNT Carbon dioxide is a gas. It is produced by animals and people

breathing out, and by chemical reactions. 二氧化碳 trap

V-T When something traps gas, water, or energy, it prevents it from escaping. 留住 (气体、水或能量)

例:

Wool traps your body heat, keeping the chill at bay.

羊毛织物能留住你的身体热量，阻挡寒气。

substantial

ADJ Substantial means large in amount or degree. 大量的; 很大程度的 [正式]

例:

A substantial number of mothers with young children are deterred from undertaking paid work because they lack access to childcare.

很多有小孩的母亲找不到人照顾小孩，从而无法从事有薪工作。

subsidy

N-COUNT A subsidy is money that is paid by a government or other authority

in order to help an industry or business, or to pay for a public service. 补贴金 例:

European farmers are planning a massive demonstration against farm subsidy cuts.

欧洲的农场主们正在策划一场反对削减农场补贴的大游行。

1. 参考译文 乙醇燃料是从玉米或者甘蔗之类的植物中提取的。在美国,一些人提倡使用乙醇燃料

来代替 汽油。然而,很多评论家认为一些原因使得乙醇燃料不是良好的汽油替代品。

首先,使用汽油带来的最大的问题之一是全球变暖,而对于乙醇燃料使用的增加并不能 解决 这个问题。同汽油一样,乙醇燃烧后向大气释放二氧化碳,而二氧化碳是温室气体。它会 保 持大气层内的温度。因而,相对于汽油来
说,乙醇并没有环保优势。

第二,乙醇产品的大量增加会导致用于其他目的作物数量减少。比如,在美国很多的玉 米都 是用来作动物饲料来喂养牛和鸡。可以推测,如果乙醇只满足美国对燃料需要的 10%, 那 么美国就要用现在玉米产量的 60%用来制
造乙醇燃料。如果把玉米产量的大部分用来生 产 乙醇燃料的话,那么家畜主要的食物来源就不复存在了。

第三,乙醇燃料燃料在价格上永远无法与汽油竞争。虽然目前对消费者来说,乙醇燃料 和汽 油的相差无几,但是只是因为美国政府以税收补贴的形式补助乙醇燃料制造商。这个税 收补 贴在过去的三十年花掉了美国政府
110 亿美元。如果美国政府停止以这种形式帮助制 造商, 那么乙醇燃料的价格会大幅升高。

1. 文章结构

• 中心论点

Ethanol is not a good replacement for gasoline for three reasons.

• 要点2

The production of significant amounts of ethanol would dramatically reduce the amount of plants available for uses other than fuel.

• 要点1

The increased use of ethanol fuel would not help to solve the environmental problem global warming caused by gasoline use.

• 要点3

Ethanol fuel will never be able to compete with gasoline on price.

综合范文

【LISTENING】

Ethanol actually is a good alternative to gasoline although you just read three reasons why it is not a good alternative. Not one of these three reasons is convincing.

First, the increased use of ethanol will not add to global warming. It is true that when ethanol is burned, it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. But as you read, ethanol was often made from plants such as corn. Well, the process of growing the plants counteracts this release of carbon dioxide. Let me explain. Every growing plant absorbs carbon dioxide from the air as a part of its nutrition. So, growing plants for ethanol production actually removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Second, large scale production of ethanol does not have to reduce the source of food for animals. That is because we can produce ethanol using cellulose. Cellulose is the main component of plants’ cell walls, and you find most cellulose in those parts of plants that are not eaten by animals. So, since we can produce ethanol from the plant parts that are not eaten, the amount of animals feed that is available will not be reduced.

Third, in the future, ethanol will be able to compete with gasoline in term of price. It is true that the government subsidies make up ethanol is cheaper than it would normally be, but this support would not always be needed. Once enough people start buying ethanol, ethanol producers will increase their production of ethanol. Generally, increased production of a product leads to a drop in its price, so the price of ethanol will go down as more of it becomes available. Study shows that if ethanol production could be three times greater than it is now, the cost of producing a unit of ethanol would drop by forty percent.

• 【解析】

重点词汇解析

counteract

V-T To counteract something means to reduce its effect by doing something

that produces an opposite effect. 对…起反作用; 抵消 例:

My husband has to take several pills to counteract high blood pressure.

我丈夫不得不吃几片药来抵制高血压。

absorb

V-T If something absorbs light, heat, or another form of energy, it takes it in.

吸取 (光、热等能量) 例:

A household radiator absorbs energy in the form of electric current and releases it in the form of heat.

家用暖气以电流的形式吸收能量，然后以热量的形式将其释放出去。

nutrition

N-UNCOUNT Nutrition is the process of taking food into the body and absorbing

the nutrients in those foods. 吸收营养 例:

There are alternative sources of nutrition to animal meat.

有能替代动物肉类的其他营养来源。

cellulose

N-UNCOUNT Cellulose is a substance that exists in the cell walls of plants and is used to make paper, plastic, and various fabrics and fibres. 纤维素

component

N-COUNT The components of something are the parts that it is made of. 组成

部分 例:

Enriched uranium is a key component of a nuclear weapon.

浓缩铀是核武器的一个关键组成部分。

1. 参考译文

虽然阅读部分说乙醇燃料不是汽油很好的代替品,但是事实上是可以很好代替汽油的。
阅读 部分给出的三个理由都是没有说服力的。 首先,提高对乙醇燃料的使用不会导致全球变暖。诚然,燃烧乙醇燃料的时候是会向空
气中 排放二氧化碳。但是,就像在阅读部分看到的,通常来说乙醇燃料是由玉米之类的作物制 造 的。恩,这些作物生长的过程中可以抵消掉乙醇燃料燃烧所释放的二氧化碳的。我来解释 一 下。所有作物在生长的过程中都会吸收空气中的二氧化碳作为养料。所以,为制造乙醇燃 料 而种植的作物事实上可以吸收乙醇燃料排放到空气中的二氧化碳。
第二,大量生产乙醇燃料不会减少畜牧业的饲料供应。这是因为我们用纤维素制造乙 醇燃料。 纤维素是植物细胞壁的主要组成成分,而且多数作物富含纤维素的部分都是家畜不 食用的。 所以,鉴于我们是使用家畜不食用的部分来制造乙醇燃料的,那么家畜可使用的饲料 不会减 少。
第三,在未来,乙醇燃料可以在价格上同汽油竞争的。确实,现在政府的补贴政策使得乙 醇 燃料的价格比实际要低,但是这样的补贴政策不需要一直存在。一点有足够多的人购买乙 醇 燃料燃料,那么乙醇燃料燃料的制造商将会更多地生产。一般来说,对某产品的生产增多会 导致价格下降,所以当乙醇燃料燃料的产量增加之后,价格也会随之下降。研究表明如果乙 醇 燃料燃料产品的产量增加三倍,那么每个单位乙醇燃料燃料的价格将会下降 40%。

1. 文章结构

中心论点
None of these three reasons is convincing.

要点1

Burning ethanol will not add to global warming as the statement mentioned in the reading passage. Although burning ethanol will release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the growing process will counteract the effort by absorbing carbon dioxide in the air.

要点2

Producing ethanol will not reduce the amount of food for animals. In fact, the professor says we can produce ethanol by using cellule, which will not be eaten by animals.

要点3

ethanol will compete with gasoline in terms of price. The professor indicates that the continuing support for ethanol will make the production of ethanol increase, and thus the price of ethanol will decrease in the future.

范文

【范文】
In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading passage’s idea that ethanol is not a good replacement for gasoline for three reasons. The professor asserts that none of these three reasons is convincing.

Firstly, contrary to the belief in the passage that the increased use of ethanol fuel would not help to solve the environmental problem global warming caused by gasoline use, the professor asserts that burning ethanol will not add to global warming as the statement mentioned in the reading passage. Although burning ethanol will release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, the growing process will counteract the effort by absorbing carbon dioxide in the air.
Secondly, the author of the passage points out that the production of significant amounts of ethanol would dramatically reduce the amount of plants available for uses other than fuel, while the lecture notes that producing ethanol will not reduce the amount of food for animals. In fact, the professor says we can produce ethanol by using cellule, which will not be eaten by animals.

Lastly, opposing the author’s belief that ethanol fuel will never be able to compete with gasoline on price, the professor contends that ethanol will compete with gasoline in terms of price. The professor indicates that the continuing support for ethanol will make the production of ethanol increase, and thus the price of ethanol will decrease in the future.

【范文结构-高分句型】

• 首段

passage’s idea that 阅读材料态度. The professor asserts that 听力材料态度.

• 第二段

Firstly, contrary to the belief in the passage that 阅读要点 1+细节 1, the professor asserts that 听力要点 1+细节 1.

• 第三段

Secondly, the author of the passage points out that 阅读要 点 2+细节 2，while the lecture notes that 听力要点 2+细节 2.

• 第四段

Lastly, opposing the author’s belief that 阅读要点 3+细节 3, the professor contends that 听力要点 3+细节 3.

Official21(TPO21)综合写作解析

• 【READING】

Genetic modification, a process used to change an organism’s genes and hence its characteristics, is not being used to improve trees. Through genetic modification, it is possible to create trees that produce more fruit, grow faster, or withstand adverse conditions. Planting genetically modified trees on a large scale promises to bring a number of benefits.

First, genetically modified trees are designed to be hardier than nature trees; that it, they are more likely to survive than their unmodified counterparts. In Hawaii, for example, a new pest-resistant species of papaya tree has been developed in response to ring-spot virus infections that have repeatedly damaged the native papaya-tree population. Planting the genetically modified papayas has largely put an end to the ring-spot problem.
Moreover, genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them. Genetically modified trees tend to grow faster, give greater yields – of food, fruit, or other products – and be hardier. This allows tree farmers to get faster and greater returns on their farming investment and save on pesticides as well.

Finally, the use of genetically modified trees can prevent overexploitation of wild trees. Because of the growing demand for firewood or building timber, many forests around the world are being cut down faster than they can be replaced. Introducing genetically modified trees – designed for fast growth and high yield in given geographic conditions – would satisfy the demand for wood in many of those areas and save the endangered native trees, which often include unique or rare species.

• 【解析】

1. 重点词汇解析

Genetic modification

n. 转基因 characteristic

N-COUNT The characteristics of a person or thing are the qualities or features that belong to them and make them recognizable. 特征

例:

Genes determine the characteristics of every living thing.

基因决定每个生物的特征。

withstand

V-T If something or someone withstands a force or action, they survive it or

do not give in to it. 抵御 [正式] 例:

…armoured vehicles designed to withstand chemical attack. …设计来抵御化学攻击的装甲车。

adverse

ADJ Adverse decisions, conditions, or effects are unfavourable to you. 不利的

例:

The police said Mr. Hadfield’s decision would have no adverse effect on the progress of the investigation.

警方说哈德菲尔德先生的决定对于调查进展不会有任何不利的影响。

counterpart

N-COUNT Someone’s or something’s counterpart is another person or thing that has a similar function or position in a different place. 对应的人或物

例:

As soon as he heard what was afoot, he telephoned his German and Italian counterparts to protest.

他一听到在进行中的事，马上就给德国和意大利相应人员打电话抗议。

pest-resistant

adj. 抗虫害的 papaya

N-COUNT A papaya is a fruit with a green skin, sweet orange flesh, and small black seeds. Papayas grow on trees in hot countries. 木瓜

infection

N-COUNT An infection is a disease caused by germs or bacteria. 传染病

例:

Ear infections are common in preschool children.

耳朵感染在学前儿童中很常见。

pesticide

N-MASS Pesticides are chemicals that farmers put on their crops to kill harmful

insects. 杀虫剂

overexploitation

n.
(对工人等的)过度剥削
(对矿产、资源等的)过度开采，(尤指自然资源的)过度开发

1. 参考译文 基因改良是通过改变有机体的基因,进而改变其性状的过程。目前还没有用来改良树

木。通 过基因改良,可能创造出具有产量高、生长快、抗逆强特点的树木。很大程度上,种植 基因 改良树木可以带来诸多益处。
首先,基因改良树木设计得比天然树木更能承受不良环境。也就是说,相对于它们没有 改良 的同类,它们更易存活。比如,在夏威夷有一种新的抗虫害的番木瓜树。这种树可以抵抗 环 斑病毒的感染,而正是这种环斑病毒常常会降低当地番木瓜树的数量。种植这种基因改良 的 番木瓜可以很大程度上解决环斑病毒的问题。
而且,基因改良的树木据信可以给种植者带来巨大的经济利益。基因改良的树木基因 改良更 快。同时,产量更高,也就是说可以获得更多的粮食、水果以及其他产品。而且,这些 树木 抗逆性更好。这样就能是的弄明可以更多而且更多地收回投资,同时节约杀虫剂的花费。
最后,种植基因改良树木可以减少对野生树木的过度开发。由于对于木柴和建筑木材 的越来 越大,世界上森林砍伐的速度超过了再生速度。引入在相同地里条件下生长更快、产 量更大 的改良树木可以很多地方对于木材的需求,这样可以保护那些独特而稀少的濒危野生 树种。

1. 文章结构

中心论点
Planting genetically modified trees on a large scale promises to bring a number of benefits.

要点1
Genetically modified trees are more likely to survive than their unmodified counterparts.

要点2

Genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them.

要点3
The use of genetically modified trees can prevent overexploitation of wild trees.

• LISTENING

Sure, there is benefit to planting genetically modified trees, but are these trees really as great as they first sound? When you examine the subjects closely, there are some serious problems and causes associated with the using of genetic modified trees.

First, genetically modified trees may be resistant to one particular condition, but it doesn’t necessarily ensure their survival. You see: a typical non-modified tree population is genetically diverse. That means that for most threatening conditions, for climate, insects, and pests, whatever, there will be at least some individual trees of any given species tree that are resistant. So, even if the most of one kind of tree were killed, those few resistant ones will survive and ensure the survival of that species of tree. But, genetically modified trees are genetically much more uniform, so if there is supposed to an environmental challenge they have not been designed for, they will all die. So, if the climate changes or new pest engages in, the genetically modified trees will likely be completely wagged out.

That is the second point. There are hidden causes associated with the growing genetically modified trees. You see, the company that genetically modified tree can charge tree farmers much more for its seeds than unmodified tree seeds would cost. Also, after you’ve grown the tree, you can not just collect the seeds and plant the new tree for free. By law, you have to pay the company every time you plant.

And finally, genetically modified trees might actually cause even more damage to the local wild trees. You see, genetically modified trees often grow more aggressively than natural trees do. And genetically modified trees are typically planted among natural trees. As a result, the genetically modified trees out compete the native trees for resources: sunlight, soil nutrition and water. Eventually, crowd out the nature trees.

• 【解析】

1. 重点词汇解析

resistant

ADJ If something is resistant to a particular thing, it is not harmed by it. 有抵

抗力的 例:

…how to improve plants to make them more resistant to disease. …如何改良植物来使它们对疾病更有抵抗力。

diverse

ADJ If a group of things is diverse, it is made up of a wide variety of things. 各

种各样的 例:

The building houses a wide and diverse variety of antiques.

这栋楼里摆放着大量各式各样的古董。

wagged out

v. 死亡

associate

V-T If you associate someone or something with another thing, the two are

connected in your mind. 将 (…和…) 联系起来 例:

Through science we’ve got the idea of associating progress with the future.

通过科学我们已有了将进步与未来联系起来的观念。

aggressive

adj.

• 侵略的;侵犯的;挑衅的

• 过分自信的，(行为等)过分的，放肆的;好寻衅的，咄咄逼人的 nutrition

N-UNCOUNT Nutrition is the process of taking food into the body and absorbing the nutrients in those foods. 吸收营养

例:

There are alternative sources of nutrition to animal meat.

有能替代动物肉类的其他营养来源。

1. 参考译文

当然,种植基因改良树木是有好处的,但是真的有利到可以作为首选作物吗?当你仔细
审视 这些理由的时候,就会发现基因改良树木会带来一些严重的问题。 首先,基因改良树木可能对某种特定问题有抵抗力,但是这却不足以保证它们的生存。
你看, 非基因改良的树木种群是具有基因多样性的。这就意味着无论何种树木,即便是在遭遇 极端 气候灾害或者虫害的情况下,都至少有部分个体对灾害有抵抗能力。所以,即便种群中的 大 多数都死亡了,那么少数有抵抗力的存活下来也能保证这个种群的延续。但是对于基因改
良 树木基因是一直的,所以当他们受到他们基因设计里不能低于的环境挑战时,他们会全部死 亡。所以,当气候发生变化或者有新的害虫出现,那么基因改良树木就将全部死亡。
现在说第二点。在基因改良树木的生长过程中伴随着一些隐含问题。你看,公司都是 以高于 天然种子很多的价格向农民出售基因改良树木种子的。同时,你现在不能再每年收获 之后收 集种子,然后来年免费再种了。因为根据法律规定,你每年都必须向种子公司支付费用。
最后,基因改良树木可能会对本土野生树木造成更多的损害。你看,基因改良树木相对 于天 然树木生长的更为迅猛。而且,基因改良树木一般来说跟天然树木是共同生长的。那么 结果 就是,基因改良树木会抢占天然树木的资源,诸如阳光、土壤和水等。慢慢地,基因改良 树木。

1. 文章结构

• 中心论点

Planting genetic modified trees will bring potential problems and costs.

• 要点1

Genetic modified trees may resistant, but this cannot guarantee their survival. She points out that in fact the unity of genes within genetic modified plant will increase their likelihood to wipe out when there is some threatening situation.

• 要点2

Though genetic modification trees may provide more products or can save pesticide, their seeds are usually charged at a higher price. In addition, according to the law, a farmer has to pay for the seed each time they plant the trees.

• 要点3

Genetic modification trees tend to grow aggressively and can easily exhaust the resource of normal trees. This will bring disastrous result for the local vegetation.

【范文】3

In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading passage’s idea that planting genetically modified trees on a large scale promises to bring a number of benefits. The professor asserts that there are some potential problems and costs associated with planting genetically modified trees.

Firstly, contrary to the belief in the passage that genetically modified trees are more likely to survive than their unmodified counterparts, the professor asserts that genetic modified trees may resistant, but this cannot guarantee their survival. She points out that in fact the unity of genes within genetic modified plant will increase their likelihood to wipe out when there is some threatening situation.

Secondly, the author of the passage points out that genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them, while the lecture notes that though genetic modification trees may provide more products or can save pesticide, their seeds are usually charged at a higher price. In addition, according to the law, a farmer has to pay for the seed each time they plant the trees.

Lastly, opposing the author’s belief that the use of genetically modified trees can prevent overexploitation of wild trees, the professor contends that genetic modification trees tend to grow aggressively and can easily exhaust the resource of normal trees. This will bring disastrous result for the local vegetation.

• 范文结构-高分句型

• 首段

  In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading
  passage’s idea that 阅读材料态度. The professor asserts that 听力材料态度.

第二段

Firstly, contrary to the belief in the passage that 阅读要点 1+细节 1, the professor asserts that 听力要点 1+细节 1.

第三段

Secondly, the author of the passage points out that 阅读要 点 2+细节 2，while the lecture notes that 听力要点 2+细节 2.

第四段

Lastly, opposing the author’s belief that 阅读要点 3+细节 3, the professor contends that 听力要点 3+细节 3.

Official20(TPO20)综合写作解析

• 【READING】

In the United States, it had been common practice since the late 1960s not to suppress natural forest fires. The “let it burn” policy assumed that forest fires would burn themselves out quickly, without causing much damage. However, in the summer of 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone, the most famous national park in the country, burned for more than two months and spread over a huge area, encompassing more than 800,000 acres. Because of the large scale of the damage, many people called for replacing the “let it burn” policy with a policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. Three kinds of damage caused by the “let it burn” policy were emphasized by critics of the policy.

First, Yellowstone fires cause tremendous damage to the parks trees and other vegetation. When the fires finally died out, nearly one third of Yellowstone’s land had been scorched. Trees were charred and blackened from flames and smoke. Smaller plants were entirely incinerated. What had been a national treasure now seemed like a devastated wasteland.

Second, the park wildlife was affected as well. Large animals like deer and elk were seen fleeing the fire. Many smaller species were probably unable to escape. There was also concern than the destruction of habitats and the disruption of food chains would make it impossible for the animals that survived the fire to return.
Third, the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction, which in turn had negative consequences for the local economy. With several thousand acres of the park engulfed in flames, the tourist season was cut short, and a large number of visitors decided to stay away. Of course, local businesses that depended on park visitors suffered as a result.

• 【解析】

1. 重点词汇解析

suppress

V-T If someone in authority suppresses an activity, they prevent it from

continuing, by using force or making it illegal. 镇压; 压制 例:

…drug traffickers, who continue to flourish despite international attempts to suppress them.

…尽管全世界努力镇压却继续猖獗的毒贩子们。 encompass

V-T If something encompasses particular things, it includes them. 包含 例:

His repertoire encompassed everything from Bach to Schoenberg.

他的表演曲目从巴赫到勋伯格，样样俱全。

extinguish

V-T If you extinguish a fire or a light, you stop it from burning or shining. 使熄

灭 [正式] 例:

It took about 50 minutes to extinguish the fire.

扑灭那场大火花了约五十分钟。

tremendous

ADJ You use tremendous to emphasize how strong a feeling or quality is, or

how large an amount is. 非常的; 巨大的 [强调]

例:

I felt a tremendous pressure on my chest.

我感到胸口有股巨大的压力。

scorch

V-T To scorch something means to burn it slightly. 烧焦

例:

The bomb scorched the side of the building.

炸弹烧焦了建筑物的侧面。

charred

ADJ Charred plants, buildings, or vehicles have been badly burned and have

become black because of fire. 烧焦的 例:

…the charred remains of a tank. …一辆烧焦的坦克的遗骸。

blacken

V-T/V-I To blacken something means to make it black or very dark in colour.

Something that blackens becomes black or very dark in colour. 使变黑; 变黑 例:

The married women of Shitamachi maintained the custom of blackening their teeth.

下町的已婚妇女保留了染黑牙齿的习俗。

incinerate

V-T When authorities incinerate rubbish or waste material, they burn it

completely in a special container. 把…烧成灰烬

例:

They were incinerating hazardous waste without a licence.

他们没有许可就把危险废弃物烧成灰烬。

devastated

ADJ If you are devastated by something, you are very shocked and upset by

it. 十分震惊的 [v-link ADJ] 例:

Teresa was devastated, her dreams shattered.

特雷莎非常震惊，她的梦想破灭了。

engulf

V-T If one thing engulfs another, it completely covers or hides it, often in a

sudden and unexpected way. 吞没 例:

A seven-year-old boy was found dead after a landslide engulfed an apartment block.

山崩掩埋了一座公寓楼之后，一名 7 岁的男孩被发现遇难。

• 参考译文

在美国,从 1960 年代末开始就非常普遍地对森林大火采取不扑灭的策略。这种“随它
燃烧” 的策略认为森林大火可以在不造成太多损失的情况下迅速燃烧完。然后,1988 年发生 在美 国最出名的黄石国家公园的森林大火却整整燃烧了两个月,蔓延了 80 万英亩。鉴于这 次造 成的巨大损失,很多人主张取消“随它燃烧”的策略,转而开始全力扑灭森林大火的策略。 评 论家们提供了三个由“随它燃烧”策略造成的损害来支持自己的观点。

首先,黄石大火给公园里的树木以及其他植物造成了巨大的损失。当火燃尽的时候,黄 石公 园接近三分之一的面积已成焦土。火焰烧焦树木,浓烟熏黑树木。小型植物则被彻底烧 成灰 烬。当看到宝贵的国家财富成为一片荒地的时候,会是何种感觉?
第二,公园的野生动物也遭到了伤害。像鹿或者麋鹿这些大型动物在火灾中都逃脱了, 但是 很多小型动物却不能逃脱。同时,大火还破坏了动物的栖息地并打乱了食物链,这使得当 或 在结束之后,逃离的动物也无法回来栖息于此。
第三,火灾会降低公园对游客的吸引力,进而对当地的经济造成不良的影响。由于数千 英亩 的土地被火焰吞没,旅游旺季缩短了,而很多游客都会选择放弃游览黄石公园。当地的经 济 对于旅游业依赖很大,自然会受到负面影响。

• 文章结构

The “let it burn” policy should be replaced by the policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared.

• 要点2

The park wildlife was affected by the policy of “let it burn” and the fire was a destruction of habitats and the disruption of the food chain.

• 要点1

Yellowstone fires cause tremendous damage to the parks trees and other vegetation.

• 要点3

The fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction.

• 【LISTENING】

Actually, fires are natural part of ecological cycle and their role is not just destructive but also creative. That is why the “let it burn” policy is fundamentally a good one, even if it sometimes causes fires of the 1988 Yellowstone fire. Let’s look at what happened after 1988 fire.

First, vegetation. As you might imagine, scorched areas were in time colonized by new plants. As a matter of fact, the plants in Yellowstone became more diverse because the fire created an opportunity for certain plants that could not grow otherwise. For example, areas where the trees have been destroyed by the fire could now be taken over by smaller plants that needed open and shaded space to grow. And another example, seeds of certain plants species won’t germinate unless they’re exposed to very high levels of heat. So, those plants started appearing after the fire as well.

It’s a similar story with the animals. Not only did their populations recover, but the fire also created new opportunities. For instance, the small plants that replaced trees after the fire created an ideal habitat for certain small animals like rabbits and hares. And when rabbits and hares started thriving, so did some predators that depended on them for food. So, certain food chains actually became stronger after the fire than they were before.

And last, fires like 1988 Yellowstone fire would be a problem for tourism if they happened every year. But they don’t. It was a very unusual combination of factors that year, low rainfall, unusually strong winds, accumulation of dry undergrowth that caused fire to be so massive. This combination has not occurred since and Yellowstone has not seen such a fire since 1988. Visitors came back to the park next year and each year after that.

• 【解析】

1. 重点词汇解析

ecological

ADJ Ecological means involved with or concerning ecology. 生态的 [ADJ n]

例:

Large dams have harmed Siberia’s delicate ecological balance.

大坝损害了西伯利亚脆弱的生态平衡。

destructive

ADJ Something that is destructive causes or is capable of causing great damage,

harm, or injury. 毁坏性的 例:

…the awesome destructive power of nuclear weapons. …核武器可怕的毁怀性力量。

fundamentally

ADV You use fundamentally for emphasis when you are stating an opinion, or

when you are making an important or general statement about something. 从根 本上讲 [ADV with cl/group] [强调]

例:

Fundamentally, women like him for his sensitivity and charming vulnerability.

从根本上说，女人们因他的敏感和迷人的脆弱而喜欢他。

colonize

When an area is colonized by a type of plant, the plant grows there in large amounts. (植物) 在…大量繁殖 [usu passive]

例:

The area was then colonized by scrub.

那时该地区被大量低矮灌木所覆盖。

germinate

V-T/V-I If a seed germinates or if it is germinated, it starts to grow. 使发芽;

发芽 例:

Some seed varieties germinate fast, so check every day or so.

有一些品种的种子发芽快，所以差不多每天都要察看一下。

habitat

N-VAR The habitat of an animal or plant is the natural environment in which it

normally lives or grows. 生长环境 例:

In its natural habitat, the hibiscus will grow up to 25 ft. 在其野生环境中，木槿能长 25 英尺。

thrive

V-I If someone or something thrives, they do well and are successful, healthy,

or strong. 兴旺发达; 茁壮成长 例:

He appears to be thriving.

他看起来兴旺发达蒸蒸日上。

predator

N-COUNT A predator is an animal that kills and eats other animals. 食肉动物 例:

With no natural predators on the island, the herd increased rapidly.

由于岛上没有天然食肉动物，牧群的数量迅速增加。

• 参考译文

事实上,森林大火是生态系统的组成部分,而且大火的角色不仅仅是破坏性的,同时也是
建 设性的。这就是为什么“随它燃烧”政策基本上是正确的,尽管它导致了 1988 年黄石大火。 让我们看看 1988 大火之后发生了什么。
首先,对于植物来说。你们可以想到,那些烧焦的地方随着时间的发展都会被新的植物 覆盖。 而且事实上,因为大火给一些本来难以生长的种类得以发芽,黄石的植物因此变得更具 多样 性。比如,原来长满树木的地方因为火灾遭到破坏,但现在那里长满了需要开阔而阴凉空 间 的小型植物。另一个例子是,一些植物的种子只有经受过非常高的温度之后才能够发芽。 所 以,这些植物会在大火之后开始生长。
动物的情况也类似。不但动物的数量会逐步回复,而且大火会给动物的生长带来新的 机会。 比如,那些在火灾之后取代原有树木的小型植物给一些小型动物提供了极佳的栖息地, 比如 兔子。当兔子的数量开始变多,那么以它们为食的捕食者的数量也会增加。所以,大火过 后, 相应的食物链会变得比之前更加稳定。
最后,只要 1988 年的黄石大火不是每年都发生,那么就不会对旅游业造成巨大问题。 而事 实上,也确实不会每年发生。大火的发生是在那一年诸多因素和偶然的相互作用。比如, 降 水少、罕见的大风,以及干燥的低层植被的聚集导致了那次大火规模空前。但是这些因素 没 有再次聚合,而黄石公园自 1988 年开始也没有出现过这样规模的火灾。游客在大火第二 年 的时候就会恢复,而且这种趋势会保持下去。

• 文章结构

中心论点

The arguments in the reading passage are not convincing.

要点1

The natural forest fires are a cycle of creative even they have a large scale of the damage, and after the fires,new plants which became more diverse than before existed in the Yellowstone. For example, some big plants were replaced by the small ones appeared in the Yellowstone due to the open and shaded lands. Another example is that it was a better place for certain seeds thanks to the high level of the heat. This point directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

要点2

The population had already recovered, and created some ideal habitats for the small animals such as rabbits and hares. Moreover, since the rabbits and hares began to live there, the predators who lived on them came to live in the Yellowstone, too.

要点3

The fire in 1988 was quite unusual and it did not happen every year. Moreover, the massive fire was caused by the low rain fall and the strong wind, which would not occur again. Besides, the visitors still come back to the Yellowstone next year and each year after that.

• 【范文】

In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading passage’s idea that the “let it burn” policy should be replaced by the policy of extinguishing forest fires as soon as they appeared. The professor asserts that the arguments in the reading passage are not convincing.

Firstly, contrary to the belief in the passage that Yellowstone fires cause tremendous damage to the parks trees and other vegetation, the professor
asserts that The natural forest fires are a cycle of creative even they have a large scale of the damage, and after the fires,new plants which became more diverse than before existed in the Yellowstone. For example, some big plants were replaced by the small ones appeared in the Yellowstone due to the open and shaded lands. Another example is that it was a better place for certain seeds thanks to the high level of the heat. This point directly contradicts what the passage indicates.
Secondly, the author of the passage points out that the park wildlife was affected by the policy of “let it burn” and the fire was a destruction of habitats and the disruption of the food chain, while the lecture notes that The population had already recovered, and created some ideal habitats for the small animals such as rabbits and hares. Moreover, since the rabbits and hares began to live there, the predators who lived on them came to live in the Yellowstone, too.

Lastly, opposing the author’s belief that the fires compromised the value of the park as a tourist attraction., the professor contends that the fire in 1988 was quite unusual and it did not happen every year. Moreover, the massive fire was caused by the low rain fall and the strong wind, which would not occur again.

Besides, the visitors still come back to the Yellowstone next year and each year after that.

• 【范文结构-高分句型】

首段

In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading

首段
passage’s idea that 阅读材料态度. The professor asserts that 听力材料态度.

第二段

Firstly, contrary to the belief in the passage that 阅读要点 1+细节 1, the professor asserts that 听力要点 1+细节 1.

第三段

Secondly, the author of the passage points out that 阅读要 点 2+细节 2，while the lecture notes that 听力要点 2+细节 2.

第四段

Lastly, opposing the author’s belief that 阅读要点 3+细节 3, the professor contends that 听力要点 3+细节 3.

Official26(TPO26)综合写作解析

• 【READING】
  Official26(TPO26)综合写作解析
  The zebra mussel, a freshwater shellfish native to Eastern Europe, has long been spreading out from its original habitats and has now reached parts of North America. There are reasons to believe that this invasion cannot be stopped and that it poses a serious threat to freshwater fish populations in all of North America.
  First, the history of the zebra mussel’s spread suggests that the invasion might be unstoppable. It is a prime example of an invasion made possible by human
  transportation. From the zebra mussel，s original habitats in Eastern Europe,
  ships helped spread it out along new canals built to connect Europe’s waterways. The mussel can attach itself to a ship’ s bottom or can survive in the water— called “ballast water”—that the ship needs to take on to properly balance its cargo. By the early nineteenth century, the mussel had spread to the whole of Europe. It was later carried to the east coast of North America in the ballast water of ships traveling from Europe. The way ships have spread the zebra mussel in the past strongly suggests that the species will soon colonize all of North America.
  Moreover, once zebra mussels are carried to a new habitat, they can dominate it. They are a hardy species that does well under a variety of conditions, and they have a high rate of reproduction. Most important, however, zebra mussels often have no predators in their new habitats, and species without natural predators are likely to dominate their habitats.
  Finally, zebra mussels are likely to cause a decline in the overall fish population in habitats where they become dominant. The mussels are plankton eaters, which means that they compete for food with many freshwater fish species.

• 【LISTENING】

Contrary to what you just read, there are ways to control the zebra mussel’s spread. What’s more, it is not so clear that the mussel is a serious threat to fish populations.
True, the spread of zebra mussels couldn’t be controlled in the past, but that’s because people didn’t have enough knowledge. In fact, there are effective ways to stop ships from carrying the mussels to new locations. Here’s an example. The way zebra mussels usually travel across the ocean is that a ship takes on some fresh “ballast water” in Europe and then empties that water into American waterways when it arrives. Full of zebra mussels, but the ship can be required to empty out the freshwater and refill with ocean water while still out in the ocean. Salt water will kill the mussels.
Second, it’s true that zebra mussels often don’t have predators in their new habitats, but that’s only in the beginning. What’s been happening in Europe is that local aquatic birds sooner or later notice there’s a new food source around and change their habits to exploit it. They switch from whatever they were eating before to eating zebra mussels. And birds can eat a lot of mussels. So zebra mussels aren’t so likely to dominate their new habitats after all.
Finally, even in habitats where zebra mussels become dominant, is the overall fish population likely to decrease. It’s true that zebra mussels may have a negative impact on fish that eat plankton. But on other fish, they can have a positive impact. For example, the mussels generate nutrients that are eaten by fish that feed near the bottom of the lake or river. So bottom-feeding fish populations may increase, even if plankton-eating fish population decrease.

• 【范文】
  In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading passage’s idea that zebra mussel poses a serious threat to freshwater fish populations. The professor asserts that zebra mussels are not likely to become a serious threat to freshwater fish populations in North America.
  Firstly, contrary to the belief in the passage that the invasion might be unstoppable, the professor asserts that new knowledge of the zebra mussel has shed light on new ways to prevent their invasion, even though people in the past have not been able to stop the spread of zebra mussels effectively. For instance, although a large amount of zebra mussels spread to North America by staying in the ballast water of a ship, people can now get rid of them before the ship gets to the shore – if the ballast water is emptied halfway of the journey and refreshed with sea water, the zebra mussels can be exterminated as soon as they get exposed to salt water.
  Secondly, the author of the passage points out that once zebra mussels are carried to a new habitat, they can dominate it, while the lecture notes that zebra mussels are not likely to dominate a new habitat for a long period of time. The lecture agrees that zebra mussels may have no predators and reproduce rapidly in the beginning, but it would not be long before predators notice this new source of food and therefore prevent its domination.
  Lastly, opposing the author’s belief that zebra mussels are likely to cause a decline in the overall fish population in habitats, the professor contends that zebra mussels would not cause the decline of overall fish population. While zebra mussels would most likely cause the decline of plankton eaters, as the passage suggests, they would also provide nutrients for bottom-feeding fish and eventually cause the population of those fish to increase.

• 【范文结构-高分句型】

首段
In the lecture, the professor casts doubt on the reading

passage’s idea that 阅读材料态度. The professor asserts that 听力材料态度.

第三段
Secondly, the author of the passage points out that 阅读要 点 2+细节 2，while the lecture notes that 听力要点 2+细节 2.

第二段
Firstly, contrary to the belief in the passage that 阅读要点 1+细节 1, the professor asserts that 听力要点 1+细节 1.

第四段
Lastly, opposing the author’s belief that 阅读要点 3+细节 3, the professor contends that 听力要点 3+细节 3.